Korean Reps

Korean Particles Drill

Particle forms like 을/를, 이/가 and 은/는

How particle forms work

Most Korean particles have two forms. Which one you use depends on how the word before it ends: with a consonant (받침) or with a vowel.

ParticleAfter a consonantAfter a vowel
을/를책을사과를
이/가가방이커피가
은/는가방은학교는
과/와책과사과와
으로/로집으로학교로
이에요/예요학생이에요의사예요

Verbs that choose 이/가 or 을/를

From Level 2, the verb decides the particle. Some verbs take 이/가 where English uses an object.

VerbsParticleExample
좋다, 싫다, 무섭다이/가저는 사과가 좋아요
좋아하다, 싫어하다, 무서워하다을/를저는 사과를 좋아해요
되다, 아니다이/가의사가 됐어요, 학생이 아니에요
있다, 없다, 필요하다이/가저는 시간이 없어요, 돈이 필요해요
알다, 모르다을/를저는 그 노래를 알아요

에 or 에서

From Level 3, you choose between 에 and 에서 for places.

PlaceParticleExample
Where something is (있다, 없다)에책이 가방에 있어요
Where you are going (가다, 오다)에내일 학교에 가요
Where you do something에서도서관에서 공부해요

With 가다 and 오다, 에서 means "from": 학교에서 가요 means you leave from school. Every question shows the English meaning, so you know which one is wanted.

Common mistakes

MistakeCorrectWhy
책를책을책 ends in a consonant
저가제가저 changes before 가
책 을책을No space before a particle
아니예요아니에요아니다 becomes 아니에요
사과를 좋아요사과가 좋아요좋다 takes 이/가
도서관에 공부해요도서관에서 공부해요Where you do something takes 에서

FAQ

What is the difference between 에 and 에서?

에 marks where something is and where you are going: 책이 가방에 있어요, 내일 학교에 가요. 에서 marks where an action happens: 도서관에서 공부해요. With 가다 and 오다, 에서 is the place you leave from, so the English meaning in each question tells you which one is wanted.

Is it 이에요 or 예요?

Look at the last syllable of the word. After a consonant (받침) it is 이에요: 학생이에요. After a vowel it is 예요: 의사예요. 아니다 is always 아니에요, never 아니예요.

Why is it 사과가 좋아요 but 사과를 좋아해요?

The verb decides the particle. 좋다, 싫다 and 무섭다 take 이/가 for the thing you like or fear: 저는 사과가 좋아요. 좋아하다, 싫어하다 and 무서워하다 take 을/를: 저는 사과를 좋아해요. 있다, 없다 and 필요하다 also take 이/가, as in 저는 시간이 없어요.

When is it 으로 and when is it 로?

로 after a vowel and after ㄹ: 학교로, 서울로. 으로 after any other consonant: 집으로. The ㄹ exception is the one people forget, so 서울으로 is wrong.

Do I write a space before a particle?

No. A particle attaches to the word before it: 책을, not 책 을. Spacing it like a separate word is a common mistake, so Level 2 and Level 3 include the spaced form as a wrong option.

Why doesn't the drill ask 은/는 vs 이/가?

Choosing between topic and subject depends on the context, and often more than one answer is natural, so a drill with one correct option would mark good Korean as wrong. Level 1 only asks for the form: 은 after a consonant and 는 after a vowel, as in 가방은 and 학교는.

About Korean Reps

Korean Reps is made by a former Korean language and literature teacher who taught middle school students in Korea. The answers follow the spelling and spacing rules of the National Institute of Korean Language (국립국어원).